{"id":28949,"date":"2008-02-01T14:01:28","date_gmt":"2008-02-01T12:01:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.uhk.cz\/archeologie\/?p=28949"},"modified":"2025-12-02T17:08:33","modified_gmt":"2025-12-02T15:08:33","slug":"rocnik-9-2008","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.uhk.cz\/archeologie\/?p=28949","title":{"rendered":"Ro\u010dn\u00edk 9 (2008)"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00e9ma: I Voda a archeologie<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Dynamick\u00e1 historie \u00fadol\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00edho Labe v holoc\u00e9nu (Dagmar Dreslerov\u00e1)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

Vztahy \u010dlov\u011bka a p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed se v posledn\u00edch dvaceti letech dostaly v \u010desk\u00e9m archeologick\u00e9m b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, ne-li do pop\u0159ed\u00ed, pak p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm na d\u016fstojnou \u00farove\u0148 vedle tradi\u010dn\u00edch chronologicko-typologick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Voda v neolitick\u00e9m dom\u011b (Ivan Pavl\u016f)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

Pro neolitick\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed byla voda stejn\u011b jako dnes jednou z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u017eivotn\u00edch podm\u00ednek.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

N\u00e1koln\u00ed stavby doby kamenn\u00e9 v alpsk\u00e9m okruhu (Radom\u00edr Tich\u00fd, Milan Slez\u00e1k, Hana Dohn\u00e1lkov\u00e1)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

Z mok\u0159in v nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stech Evropy poch\u00e1zej\u00ed n\u00e1lezy organick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f poskytuj\u00edc\u00edch mnoho cenn\u00fdch informac\u00ed o hmotn\u00e9 kultu\u0159e d\u00e1vn\u00fdch obyvatel t\u011bchto oblast\u00ed; k nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pat\u0159\u00ed nap\u0159. polsk\u00fd Biskupin. P\u0159edm\u011btem tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku jsou v\u0161ak \"klasick\u00e1\" n\u00e1kol\u00ed v alpsk\u00e9 oblasti p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z obdob\u00ed eneolitu (v n\u011bmeck\u00e9 a dal\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1padoevropsk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n pojem mlad\u0161\u00ed, respektive pozdn\u00ed neolit).<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Voda jako formativn\u00ed \u010dinitel archeologick\u00fdch situac\u00ed (Petr \u0160\u00edda, Jan Prost\u0159edn\u00edk)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek se bude v\u011bnovat vod\u011b jako geologick\u00e9mu \u010diniteli. Stranou ponech\u00e1me, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem voda, jej\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnost \u010di absence ovliv\u0148uje funkci prav\u011bk\u00fdch \u010di st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch s\u00eddli\u0161\u0165 za doby jejich existence. Budeme se v\u011bnovat pouze ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed situac\u00ed po skon\u010den\u00ed jejich funkce v pr\u016fb\u011bhu procesu archeologizace.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Doprava a obchod na Labi v dob\u011b lat\u00e9nsk\u00e9 (Vladim\u00edr Sala\u010d)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

Labe p\u0159edstavuje jedinou vodn\u00ed cestu spojuj\u00edc\u00ed \u010ceskou kotlinu obklopenou hrani\u010dn\u00edmi horami s okoln\u00edmi krajinami. V dob\u011b lat\u00e9nsk\u00e9 tato \u0159eka spojovala tak\u00e9 dva odli\u0161n\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed a patrn\u011b i etnick\u00e9 okruhy - lat\u00e9nskou kulturu p\u0159ipisovanou Kelt\u016fm v \u010cech\u00e1ch a kulturu p\u0159ed\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 doby \u017eelezn\u00e9 p\u0159isuzovanou Germ\u00e1n\u016fm.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Doversk\u00fd objev, se\u0161\u00edvan\u00e9 pla\u0148kov\u00e9 lod\u011b a n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed plavba v dob\u011b bronzov\u00e9 (Richard Th\u00e9r)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

V roce 1992 bylo v Doveru nalezeno torzo pla\u0148kov\u00e9 lod\u011b z doby bronzov\u00e9. V\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1lez vyvolal vlnu diskuz\u00ed o v\u00fdznamu lod\u00ed ve 2. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. v severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Evrop\u011b. Kdo postavil doverskou lo\u010f a za jak\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delem? Na jak\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch se lo\u010f plavila? Byla v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdm artefaktem nebo b\u011b\u017enou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tehdej\u0161\u00edho sv\u011bta? To jsou ot\u00e1zky, kter\u00e9 pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nikdy nebudou s jistotou zodpov\u011bzeny. P\u0159esto \u00favahy nad t\u011bmito ot\u00e1zkami posouvaj\u00ed horizont na\u0161ich p\u0159edstav o sv\u011bt\u011b doby bronzov\u00e9.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Mo\u0159sk\u00fd h\u0159ebec z Glendalough (J. Kate\u0159ina Dvo\u0159\u00e1kov\u00e1)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

V lednu 2008 odvys\u00edlala BBC v cyklu Timewatch program Viking Voyage o cest\u011b rekonstrukce vikingsk\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 lodi Havhigsten fra Glendalough (Mo\u0159sk\u00fd h\u0159ebec z Glendalough) z D\u00e1nska do Irska.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

V\u00fdpov\u011bdn\u00ed mo\u017enosti germ\u00e1nsk\u00fdch ba\u017einn\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f (Pavel Hornik)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

\"Vedeni jakousi novou a nezvyklou touhou po zk\u00e1ze zni\u010dili v\u0161echno, co z\u00edskali. Od\u011bvy roztrhali na kusy a zahodili, zlato a st\u0159\u00edbro nah\u00e1zeli do \u0159eky, brn\u011bn\u00ed rozsekali, ozdoby kon\u00ed roztloukli, samotn\u00e9 kon\u011b utopili ve vodn\u00edch v\u00edrech a mu\u017ee pov\u011bsili na stromy se smy\u010dkami kolem krku.\" (Orosius 1889, 5-6<\/em>)<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

K v\u00fdznamu \u0159ek v dob\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9, zejm\u00e9na v barbariku (Eduard Droberjar)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

Voda m\u011bla pro Germ\u00e1ny, obdobn\u011b jako pro ka\u017ed\u00e9 jin\u00e9 spole\u010denstv\u00ed, mnohostrann\u00fd a nezastupiteln\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed barbary os\u00eddlenou pevninu a ostrovy severu Evropy om\u00fdval Oceanus Germanicus<\/em> (Severn\u00ed mo\u0159e) a Mare Suebicum<\/em> (Baltsk\u00e9 mo\u0159e). Sousedstv\u00ed mo\u0159\u00ed v D\u00e1nsku a severn\u00edm N\u011bmecku umocnilo obzvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u00factu obyvatel ke germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9mu bo\u017estvu, kter\u00e1 se tak\u00e9 projevovala v oblastech pramen\u016f, jezer nebo ba\u017ein.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Vyu\u017eit\u00ed vody ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 vesnici (Rostislav Nekuda)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

Voda m\u011bla mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd v\u00fdznam v zanikl\u00e9 st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 vesnici Mst\u011bnice. Kolem tvrze se rozprost\u00edral 11 m \u0161irok\u00fd vodn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkop. Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm z\u00e1zem\u00edm tvrze byl pansk\u00fd dv\u016fr. Od tvrze ho odd\u011bloval vodn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkop. sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pansk\u00e9ho dvora byla kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 d\u00edlna, jej\u00ed\u017e v\u00fdhe\u0148 byla situov\u00e1na mimo obvodov\u00e9 zdivo dvora.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>

T\u00e9ma: II Stavebn\u00ed experiment a rekonstrukce<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Teorie o rekonstrukci prehistorick\u00e9ho domu a experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed archeologii (Marianne Rasmussen)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

Rekonstrukce je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem p\u0159i interpretaci archeologicky dolo\u017een\u00fdch dom\u016f, jejich konstrukc\u00ed, ob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u00fdznamu. Stavebn\u00ed rekonstrukce m\u00e1 mnoho v\u00fdznam\u016f, zde je ozna\u010dov\u00e1na jako model. Modely jsou postaven\u00e9 na z\u00e1klad\u011b anal\u00fdz a interpretac\u00ed celku, navzdory chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edm d\u00edl\u016fm. Pojem konstrukce je zde navrhov\u00e1n pro p\u0159\u00edpad, kdy po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed bod stavebn\u00edch prac\u00ed nevyplynul p\u0159\u00edmo z anal\u00fdzy a interpretace archeologick\u00fdch poznatk\u016f (\"stav\u00ed se z ni\u010deho\").<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Ran\u011b st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 st\u011bny a st\u0159echy: p\u0159\u00edpadov\u00e1 studie (Martin Millett)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek rozeb\u00edr\u00e1 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 techniky vhodn\u00e9 pro sb\u011br nejnutn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch informac\u00ed o stavb\u011b d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch staveb, kter\u00e9 umo\u017en\u00ed dobr\u00e9 by\u0165 hypotetick\u00e9 rekonstrukce.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Pravidla pro prezentaci dat z\u00edskan\u00fdch v ter\u00e9nu (Holger Schmidt)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek zd\u016fraz\u0148uje d\u016fle\u017eitost standardizace prezentace archeologick\u00fdch dat pro dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy a zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pro srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed studie.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

O rekonstrukci prav\u011bk\u00fdch halov\u00fdch dom\u016f z technick\u00e9ho pohledu (Jochen Komber)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

\u010cl\u00e1nek spojuje archeologick\u00fd a technick\u00fd pohled na rekonstrukci prav\u011bk\u00fdch dom\u016f, aby dos\u00e1hl pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch s\u00fdvledk\u016f.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Stavba syst\u00e9m\u016f ov\u00e1ln\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edkop\u016f a dom\u016f ve st\u0159edn\u00edm neolitu (Wolfgang F. A. Lobisser)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek popisuje stavbu neolitick\u00e9ho ov\u00e1ln\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edkopu na z\u00e1klad\u011b archeologick\u00e9 situace v Schletzu (doln\u00ed Rakousko) a sna\u017e\u00ed se zodpov\u011bd\u011bt n\u011bkter\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky ohledn\u011b pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a organizace pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Stavba nadzemn\u00ed s\u00fdpky podle archeologick\u00fdch doklad\u016f z ran\u011b st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b (Aur\u00e9lia Alligri)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

\u010cl\u00e1nek popisuje jednu z mo\u017en\u00fdch rekonstrukc\u00ed ran\u011b st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 \u0161estisloupov\u00e9 s\u00fdpky z lokality Bois d'Orville ve Francii.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Prav\u011bk\u00e9 techniky stavby n\u00e1koln\u00edch osad: zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch k\u016fl\u016f do jezern\u00edch sediment\u016f (Francesco Menotti, Elena Pranckenaite)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek popisuje experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed testov\u00e1n\u00ed vynalo\u017een\u00e9ho \u00fasil\u00ed a stavebn\u00edch techniky, kter\u00e9 byly pou\u017eity p\u0159i zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch k\u016fl\u016f do m\u011bkk\u00fdch zatopen\u00fdch jezern\u00edch sediment\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b n\u00e1lezu z n\u00e1koln\u00ed osady z p\u0159elomu pozdn\u00ed doby bronzov\u00e9 a \u017eelezn\u00e9 na jeze\u0159e Luokesas v Litv\u011b.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Rekonstrukce keltsk\u00fdch dom\u016f v Burgebergu ve Schwarzenbachu (Wolfgang F. A. Lobisser)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek p\u0159edstavuje stavbu dom\u016f z doby \u017eelezn\u00e9 v muzeu pod \u0161ir\u00fdm nebem ve Schwarznbachu na z\u00e1klad\u011b archeologick\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f z m\u00edstn\u00edho keltsk\u00e9ho oppida.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>

T\u00e9ma: III Public archaeology<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Doba kamenn\u00e1 na televizn\u00edch obrazovk\u00e1ch: \u00dasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd program o ``\u017eiv\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011b`` v n\u011bmeck\u00e9 televizi (Karola M\u00fcller)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 prezentac\u00ed archeologie v televizi s pou\u017eit\u00edm formy \"reality TV\" zalo\u017een\u00e9 na po\u0159adu \"Steinzeit - Das Experiment\" (Experiment - doba kamenn\u00e1) z produkce n\u011bmeck\u00e9 televize.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Spojen\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed archeologie a living history ve sf\u00e9\u0159e kulturn\u00edho d\u011bdictv\u00ed (Carolyn Forrest)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek popisuje jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem \u010dty\u0159i archeoparky \u010derpaj\u00ed a p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti informace o minulosti: jde o Butser Ancient Farm v anglick\u00e9m Hampshiru, Historicko-archeologick\u00e9 st\u0159edisko Lejre v D\u00e1nsku a skotsk\u00e1 centra Crannog v Perthu a Archaeolink Prehistory v Aberdeenshiru.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Projekt Algaba v Rond\u011b: sjednocen\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed archeologii (Maria S\u00e1nchez Elena, Juan Terroba Valadez, Francisco Moreno Jim\u00e9nez, David Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez, Maria Fern\u00e1ndez de Heredia Hern\u00e1ndez, Francisca Pere\u0144a Huertas, Patricia Ojeda Dur\u00e1n)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

Projekt Algaba za\u010dal jako iniciativa skupiny lid\u00ed z r\u016fzn\u00fdch obor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed sd\u00edleli stejn\u00fd c\u00edl - pozn\u00e1n\u00ed prav\u011bku. La Finca Algaba (\"Farma Algaba\") sama o sob\u011b poskytovala ide\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u00edsto pro archeologick\u00fd experiment a anal\u00fdzy, vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a konzervaci kulturn\u00edho a p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho d\u011bdictv\u00ed. Bylo zde rekonstruov\u00e1no prav\u011bk\u00e9 s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b, aby se prov\u011b\u0159ily sou\u010dasn\u00e9 teorie. V\u00fdsledkem toho experimentu byly vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed programy.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Prezentace archeologick\u00fdch lokalit ve\u0159ejnosti: ruiny versus rekonstrukce (Clara Masriera I Esquerra)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek je v\u00fdsledkem \u010dty\u0159let\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu prezentace evropsk\u00fdch lokalit z doby bronzov\u00e9 a \u017eelezn\u00e9. C\u00edlem bylo srovn\u00e1n\u00ed didaktick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti lokalit prezentovan\u00fdch tradi\u010dn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, pomoc\u00ed dochovan\u00fdch existuj\u00edc\u00edch poz\u016fstatk\u016f bez dal\u0161\u00edho z\u00e1sahu, s t\u011bmi, kter\u00e9 byly trojrozm\u011brn\u011b rekonstruov\u00e1ny nebo replikov\u00e1ny.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Dior\u00e1ma, (re)konstrukce a experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed archeologie (Lara Comis)<\/i><\/span><\/h4><\/a><\/div>

\u010cl\u00e1nek rozeb\u00edr\u00e1 vztah mezi trojrozm\u011brn\u00fdmi statick\u00fdmi zobrazen\u00edmi minulosti a experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed archeologi\u00ed a tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee rekonstrukce nejsou p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm, ale vedlej\u0161\u00edm produktem experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed archeologie.<\/p>\nPDF<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00e9ma: I Voda a archeologie Dynamick\u00e1 historie \u00fadol\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00edho Labe v holoc\u00e9nu (Dagmar Dreslerov\u00e1)Vztahy \u010dlov\u011bka a p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed se v posledn\u00edch dvaceti letech dostaly v \u010desk\u00e9m archeologick\u00e9m b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, ne-li do pop\u0159ed\u00ed, pak p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm na d\u016fstojnou \u00farove\u0148 vedle tradi\u010dn\u00edch chronologicko-typologick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek. PDFVoda v neolitick\u00e9m dom\u011b (Ivan Pavl\u016f)Pro neolitick\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed byla voda stejn\u011b jako dnes jednou z […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":28950,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[229],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28949","post","type-post","status-publish","format-image","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ziva-archeologie","post_format-post-format-image"],"yoast_head":"\nRo\u010dn\u00edk 9 (2008) - Katedra archeologie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/uni.uhk.cz\/archeologie\/?p=28949\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ro\u010dn\u00edk 9 (2008) - Katedra archeologie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"T\u00e9ma: I Voda a archeologie Dynamick\u00e1 historie \u00fadol\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00edho Labe v holoc\u00e9nu (Dagmar Dreslerov\u00e1)Vztahy \u010dlov\u011bka a p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed se v posledn\u00edch dvaceti letech dostaly v \u010desk\u00e9m archeologick\u00e9m b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, ne-li do pop\u0159ed\u00ed, pak p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm na d\u016fstojnou \u00farove\u0148 vedle tradi\u010dn\u00edch chronologicko-typologick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek. 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